A batch reactor processes reactants in a single, closed vessel for a set period, with no input or output during the reaction. In contrast, a continuous reactor, such as a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) or a Plug Flow Reactor (PFR), continuously feeds reactants and removes products.
The rate of reaction is the speed at which reactants are converted to products, typically expressed as the change in concentration of a reactant or product per unit time. It depends on factors like temperature, pressure, and concentration of reactants.
Activation energy is the minimum energy required for reactants to undergo a chemical reaction. It plays a crucial role as it determines the rate at which a reaction proceeds; higher activation energy typically means a slower reaction rate.
In homogeneous catalysis, the catalyst is in the same phase as the reactants, typically in solution. In heterogeneous catalysis, the catalyst is in a different phase, usually solid, while the reactants are gases or liquids.
Residence time is the average time a reactant molecule spends in the reactor. It is crucial in reactor design as it influences the conversion and selectivity of the reaction. Longer residence times typically result in higher conversions but can also lead to undesired side reactions.
Reaction equilibrium is the state where the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, resulting in constant concentrations of reactants and products. It is characterized by the equilibrium constant 𝐾 K, which is a function of temperature.
The effectiveness factor ( 𝜂 η) measures the ratio of the actual reaction rate to the rate if the entire catalyst surface were used at its maximum efficiency. It accounts for the limitations due to mass transfer resistance within the catalyst particles.